![]() Results showed that 1 year total abstinence from marijuana was 42% for those treated with aversion for cocaine and marijuana and 64% for those treated with aversion for alcohol, cocaine, and marijuana while current abstinence at follow-up from marijuana was 61% and 81%, respectively. Current abstinence from alcohol at follow-up was 68% and 81%, respectively. One-year total abstinence from alcohol was 54% for those receiving aversion for both alcohol and cocaine and 77% for those receiving aversion for alcohol, cocaine, and marijuana. Of these, 156 were followed up 12 to 20 months post-treatment (average 15.2 months). Again, while encouraging, this study design is not a randomized controlled clinical trial to evaluate the effectiveness of chemical aversive conditioning for alcoholism.įrawley et al (1992) studied 214 randomly selected patients treated with aversion therapy for cocaine dependence in four chemical dependency units operated by Schick Shadel Hospitals. Treatment groups in 6-month alcohol abstinence rates were found to have the largest differences for males (p less than 0.001), those over 35 (p less than 0.001), daily drinkers (p less than 0.001), and those with alcohol-related work performance problems (p less than 0.05). The patients treated with aversion therapy for alcohol had higher alcohol abstinence rates at 6 and 12 months (p less than 0.01) and abstinence rates from all mood-altering chemicals were higher in the aversion group at 6 months (p less than 0.05) but not at 12 months. The authors reported results including a statistically significant difference in the patients treated with aversion therapy compared with the matched patients. Data on 6- and 12-month abstinence rates from alcohol and all mood-altering chemicals was collected. They were matched on 17 baseline variables post hoc with patients from a national treatment outcome registry who received inpatient treatment that emphasized individual and group counseling as the primary therapeutic elements but did not include aversion therapy for alcohol. Smith et al (1991) evaluated 249 patients who were treated for alcoholism in an inpatient multimodal treatment program that included aversion therapy. However, replication of these findings in a controlled clinical trial would strengthen the weight of evidence. Results showed an abstinence rate for the first 12 months of 71.3% 65% for the total period since treatment (mean 20.5 months), and the current abstinence rate was 78.1The authors suggested that a multimodal alcoholism treatment program utilizing aversion conditioning is at least as acceptable to patients as counseling centered programs and can be expected to yield favorable abstinence rates. A minimum of 13 months had elapsed since treatment (mean 20.5 months) and abstinence status was determined for the first 12 months since treatment, the entire elapsed time since treatment (range 13 to 25 months, mean 20.5 months), and "current abstinence" (last 6 months). A sample of 200 patients who had been completed treatment for alcoholism were recruited and a final sample of one hundred sixty (80%) were located. Smith et al (1990) conducted a study of a multimodal inpatient program that used aversion therapy as a treatment component. ![]() ![]() However, it should be noted that these agents are not FDA approved specifically for chemical aversive conditioning for alcoholism (CMS, 2015). While a number of drugs have been employed in chemical aversion therapy, the three most commonly used are emetine, apomorphine, and lithium. Aversive conditioning involves pairing alcohol with unpleasant symptoms (e.g., nausea) which have been induced by one of several chemical agents. ICD-10 codes not covered for indications listed in the CPB :Ĭhemical aversion therapy is a behavior modification technique that is used in the treatment of alcoholism by facilitating alcohol abstinence through the development of conditioned aversions to the taste, smell, and sight of alcohol beverages. Codes requiring a 7th character are represented by "+":Ĭhemical aversive conditioning - No specific code : Information in the below has been added for clarification purposes. ![]() Table: CPT Codes / HCPCS Codes / ICD-10 Codes Code Number: 0896 Table Of Contents Policy Applicable CPT / HCPCS / ICD-10 Codes Background ReferencesĪetna considers aversive conditioning for alcoholism experimental and investigational due to insufficient evidence in the peer-reviewed literature. ![]()
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